Field-Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 1941-46.
Field-Marshal Viscount Alexander, Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, 1942-43 ; Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theatre, 1944-45.
Rt. Hon. John Miller Andrews, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, 1940-43. Rt. Hon. Sir Basil Stanlake Brooke, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland since 1943.
Rt. Hon. Robert Anthony Eden, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1940-45.
General David Dwight Eisenhower, Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force in Western Europe, 1944-45
Admiral Sir Max Kennedy Horton, Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches, 1942-45.
Field-Marshal Viscount Montgomery, Commander of the Eighth Army in North Africa, Sicily and Italy ; Commander-in-Chief, British Group of Armies and Allied Armies, Northern France, 1944 ; Commander of 21st Army Group, 1944-45.
Admiral Sir Percy Lockhart Harnam Noble, Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches, 1941-42 ; Head of British Naval Delegation in Washington, 1942-44.
Marshal of the R.A.F. Viscount Portal of Hungerford, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Bomber Command, 1940; Chief of Air Staff, 1940-45.
General Sir James Stuart Steele, Commander-in-Chief, British Troops, and High Commissioner, Austria, 1946-47.
Air Vice-Marshal Sir William Tyrrell, Principal Medical Officer, Inland Area Headquarters, Training Command, Technical Training Command, R.A.F., 1935-44.

In conferring these degrees, the University proudly marked its whole-hearted participation in the long struggle to maintain the values of our civilisation. It was with a special pride that it included in the list two of its own members, both for their own great achievements and as representing the mighty body of members of the University, whose service is briefly recorded in the pages that follow. Sir James Steele, a Ballycarry man, now Adjutant-General to the Forces and Colonel of the Royal Ulster Rifles, was a student in the Faculty of Arts when he joined the Royal Irish Rifles in 1914. Sir William Tyrrell, a Belfast man, joined the R.A.M.C. (Special Reserve) from Queen's in 1912. After serving with the R.A.M.C. throughout the war of 1914-18, he transferred to the R.A.F. in 1920. He was promoted Air Vice-Marshal in 1939 and retired in 1944. In honouring Sir James Steele and Sir William Tyrrell, the University was at the same time honouring its 2,335 members who are known to have given their services in the armed forces in the late war ; it was paying its humble tribute to the memory of the 155 who gave their lives.

This war record consists of two main parts : an account of the contribution which the University itself made to the war effort, and an account, in the form of a list with statistical summaries, of the service of members of the University with the armed and auxiliary forces. This list does not and could not claim to represent the whole contribution made by members of the University to the war effort. No attempt has been made to include in it any service other than full-time service in the uniformed and auxiliary forces. Service in overseas defence units which were in action is included, but service in the United Kingdom Home Guard or Civil Defence Services is not, nor is the service given by so many members of the University as civilians in Government departments, in research, in industry. In only one case has an exception been wittingly made, that of Joseph John Unwin, a civilian Scientific Officer with the R.A.F., killed while testing an aeroplane for the Air Ministry.

For the purposes of this war record, members of the University are taken to be those who at the time of enlistment were either (a) members of the University Senate, or of the academic or administrative or other grades of staff ; or (b) graduates, or holders of diplomas or licences of the University ; or (c) students or former students who had for an appreciable period been engaged on a regular course of University study, either in the University itself or in a College recognized by the Senate of the University. The decision whether a particular person should be considered a student of the University or not has had in some cases to be rather arbitrary. Similar arbitrary decisions have had to be taken in regard to dates. In only one case has a man been consciously included in the list who was not in the Forces between the outbreak of war on 3rd September, 1939, and the surrender of Japan on 14th August, 1945. He is Squadron Leader H. F. W. Fry, who joined the R.A.F. in November, 1945, and was killed in Egypt in July, 1947. In many cases, however, the rank which a man is given in the list was not attained until after the surrender of Japan. In the list of those who gave their lives no one is included who died after the end of 1947.

The main list and all the statistics in this war record are concerned exclusively with those who were members of the University before they went on active service. An Appendix has been added of ex-service men and women who entered the University for the first time after their war service. It includes those who entered up to the beginning of the session 1947-48.

          At the beginning of the war, a Joint Recruiting Board was set up at Queen's, consisting of representatives of the University and of the Ministry of Labour (Northern Ireland), with the function of selecting and recommending candidates for commissions. The Board—whose Chairman was Professor A. Macbeath and whose Secretary Mr. J. M. Freeland and afterwards Dr. R. H. Hunter—dealt with 444 applications, mainly, but not entirely, from Queen's men and women. Its duties were not merely to select suitable candidates for commissions, but also to decide whether immediate enlistment in the Forces was the best use which could be made of the applicants' services in the national interest.

          Another function of the Joint Recruiting Board was to report on the 386 cadets for the Royal Artillery and the Royal Engineers and the 331 cadets for the Royal Air Force who took short courses at the University. At the beginning, a number of these cadets were of local origin, but later it became the policy of the Government to send cross-channel cadets here and Northern Ireland cadets to Universities in Great Britain. They were all boys between 17-J- and 18| years of age, selected as showing promise of taking commissions, mostly straight from school. Their courses lasted for six months each ; and seven courses were held for the War Office and seven for the Air Ministry. At Queen's the cadets were treated in every respect as full members of the University; and those of them—and they are many—who have returned to the University after service have been treated as fully-matriculated students and been credited with the subjects which they passed as cadets. So far as was practicable, they attended ordinary University classes. The War Office courses and the early R.A.F. courses were distinctly technical in character, but the later R.A.F. courses aimed rather at giving the cadets some general education in Arts or Science, over and above the technical instruction which they received with the University Air Squadron. The War Office cadets—whose Supervisors were Mr. J. M. Gilchrist and Mr. T. E. Goligher, both Extra-Mural Lecturers in Mechanical Engineering- were mostly housed in the Presbyterian War Memorial Hostel, where the University Warden was the late Dr. T. McFadden, Demonstrator in Physics, followed by Mr. T. S. McRoberts, Demonstrator in Chemistry, and then by Mr. T. C. Shaw, likewise Demonstrator in Chemistry. The R.A.F. cadets, whose Supervisor was Dr. E. M. Lindsay, Lecturer in Astronomy, and subsequently Professor E. E. Evans, were for the most part housed in Queen's Chambers, where the successive Wardens were Dr. R. H. Hunter, Dr. W. Townsley, and, from October, 1942, until the end of the war, Dr. John Colhoun, Lecturer in Mycology. (Queen's Chambers was handed back to the University, to accommodate the R.A.F. cadets, at the beginning of September, 1941, after a year of military occupation. Riddel Hall was likewise under military occupation for a short period ; while the Sir William Whitla Hall was under requisition by different Government departments at different times.)

          It was only the full co-operation of the authorities and teachers of the Belfast College of Technology which made the War Office short courses possible. To them, too, was due the success of the State Bursary scheme, by which over 100 students, both men and women, were trained, primarily in technical and engineering subjects and almost exclusively in the College, for allocation under the direction of the Ministry of Labour and National Service, either to the armed forces or to Government employment or to industrial war work.

          From September, 1942, all men holders of State Bursaries were required to be members of the Senior Training Corps. The R.A. and R.E. cadets, too, were all members of the S.T.C. and the R.A.F. cadets were members of the Air Squadron. The S.T.C.—the new name was introduced early in the war and since the war has in turn been replaced by that of Queen's University Training Corps (Territorial Army)—dealt with a total of 860 cadets during the war. At the beginning, holders of certificate "B" were eligible for direct commissions and holders of certificate "A" for admission to Officer Cadet Training Units. In the Queen's Infantry Unit 90% of the eligible members joined the forces. Subsequently, holders of certificate "B" were admitted direct to Officer Cadet Training Units (without first having to pass through Other Rank Training Units). The normal Units throughout the war were three : Signals, Infantry, and Medical. In May, 1942, an Engineer Unit was added, but this was subsequently disbanded. The Commanding Officer at the beginning of the war was the late Major William Scott, D.S.O., M.C., who was killed in a bombing raid in Flanders on 15th May, 1940. He was succeeded by Major G. J. Apperson, M.C., R.U.R., who was in command until the end of the war, and on whom the University in 1946 conferred the honorary degree of Master of Arts. The Medical Unit was under the command of Mr, J, R, Wheeler.

          The University Air Squadron, which was established in January, 1941, with headquarters in College Gardens, dealt with 587 cadets during the war. The training given aimed at providing the basic ground work necessary for aircrews, flying experience being given only as and when possible. The Commanding Officers were, in succession :—W/Cdr. P. J. Halahan, D.F.C., W/Cdr. M. V. Delap, D.F.C., S/Ldr. P. P. Troughton-Smith, and F/Lt. N. D. Nimmo, D.F.C. The following members of the University staff at various times held commissions in the R.A.F.V.R. (Training Branch), for duty with the Squadron :—Professor W. H. McCrea, of the Department of Mathematics, Dr. E. M. Lindsay, Lecturer in Astronomy, Professor E. E. Evans, of the Department of Geography, and Mr. J. Black, Assistant in Mathematical Physics.

concessions necessarily varied from Faculty to Faculty, but the maximum was that students might, under certain circumstances, be excused up to four terms of attendance at the University. No substantial diminution was allowed to take place in the instruction given by the University. Only two courses of undergraduate instruction, those in Astronomy and in Archaeology, were wholly discontinued, though the period of clinical instruction for students under the new medical curriculum was reduced from forty-two to thirty-six calendar months, and, in keeping with the practice of all the British Universities, the Diploma in Public Health was suspended. The war, in fact, led, on the whole, to an increase rather than a diminution in the instruction given. In addition to the special courses for War Office and R.A.F. cadets, already referred to, new courses leading to Diplomas in Radio and in Aeronautics and a new School of Social Studies were established and remain. The new School resulted from the need for trained social workers which the war created and revealed.

          The Emergency Statutes would have enabled the University to continue to function even in the event of serious air raid damage or invasion. Material precautions were also taken. To minimize the danger from fire a large portion of the old and highly-inflammable U.V.F. Hospital buildings was taken down. An Air Raid Precautions organisation was established, coming within the frame-work of the Belfast city scheme, with Dr. R. H. Hunter as Group Warden. In July, 1940, a Queen's University Detachment of the Ulster Home Guard was formed, with an establishment of eighty officers and men, comprising a platoon of infantry and a mobile light machine-gun detachment. Its members, a score of whom passed on to the regular armed forces, were from every grade in the University, academic and administrative, technical and domestic. The original Commanding Officer was Lieutenant A. Macbeath, Professor of Logic, who was succeeded in April, 1941, by Lieutenant F. H. Newark, Lecturer in Law (now Professor of Jurisprudence). Apart from weekly training, the Detachment maintained a night guard of the University for four years.

          Under the Schedule of Reserved Occupations, the age of reservation for University Professors, Lecturers, and so on, was, on the scientific side, twenty-five ; on the non-scientific side it was originally twenty-five, which was ultimately raised to thirty-five. In spite of this restriction, 14 members of the academic and administrative staffs obtained leave-of-absence to serve in the armed forces. Altogether, 28 members of the academic and administrative staffs and 7 members of other grades of staff were given leave-of-absence for war service of one kind or another, provision being made by the University to secure them against financial loss. The following is the list of those who received leave-of-absence :— (see table below)

          Of the members of staff who remained, most, if not all, were actively engaged in some kind of part-time service. Various University Departments gave services of an expert character. The Departments of Physics and Biochemistry carried out researches for the Admiralty on means of improving night vision ; while the Department of Physics was, in addition, engaged in investigations for the Admiralty on gaseous conductors, and the Department of Biochemistry investigated the nutritional value of war-time diet for the Ministry of Food. The Department of Physiology worked on the cause of Post-Haemorrhagic Fainting for the Medical Research Council. The Department of Pathology, in addition to work on crush injuries, ran the Emergency Blood Transfusion Service for Northern Ireland ; while the Department of Public Health ran an Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service. The Faculty of Agriculture undertook heavy administrative duties in connection with war-time agriculture. The Department of English Language made translations for the authorities from some ten different languages. The Department of Extra-Mural Studies was the headquarters of the Northern Ireland Committee for Adult Education in H.M. Forces ; and much of the instruction provided under the Committee was given by members of the University staff. Single lectures, whose highest number was 2,420 in 1942-43, and courses and classes, which reached a total of 189 for the year (with 2,684 meetings) in 1945-46, were given in military camps and barracks, on anti-aircraft and balloon sites, and at air and naval stations. In addition, 58 residential courses, varying in length from a week-end to a month, were held between 1941 and 1946. In co-operation with the Faculty of Medicine and with the British Council, the Department organized four residential courses, attended by a total of 160 students, in non-military Medicine, for Allied and Dominion Forces. The Department was also responsible, under the University Joint Committee for Adult Education, for providing a considerable scheme for Education for Civil Defence Personnel.

          In connection with the granting of leave-of-absence, reference has already been made to the position of Professor Flynn in Belfast Civil Defence, where he was full-time Head of the Casualty Service. Many other members of the University staff were prominent in the part-time Civil Defence Services of the city. Professor Charlesworth was Chief Intelligence Officer ; Professor Waterhouse, after his return from the Foreign Office, was Deputy Chief Welfare Officer ; and Professor Evans Deputy Chief Intelligence Officer In "F" District, Mr. Woledge, the Librarian, became Chief District Officer, after having been Casualty Officer. He was succeeded as Casualty Officer by Dr. D. B. Quinn, Lecturer in History, and he, in turn, by Mr. George Williams, Lecturer in Zoology, while Mr. Home, Assistant in English Literature, was Deputy Casualty Officer. Professor Macbeath was Welfare Officer in "F" District, and Professor Harrison Gas and Bomb Identification Officer. Outside the city, Mr. Blake, Lecturer in History, was Chief Warden of Hillsborough Rural District (Eastern Division). In many other fields of part-time civilian service the members of the University staff took an active part : in the work of the Red Cross Society and the St. John's Ambulance Brigade, in the allocation of medical man power, in the settlement of industrial disputes by arbitration, in the emergency news-monitoring of the B.B.C., in the general administrative work of the province.

FIRST COLUMN     Orders and decorations following the names in this column were awarded before 3rd September, 1939. In this and the sixth column the only decorations cited, apart from Mentions in Despatches, are those conferred by H.M. The King or by Allied Governments. No mention is made, here or elsewhere, of membership or fellowship of learned or professional bodies.

SECOND COLUMN     Dates printed in this column in Roman type (e.g. 1934) are the dates when graduates received their primary (i.e. Bachelor's) degree from Queen's or when non-graduates received a diploma of Queen's. Dates printed in italics (e.g. 1934) are dates of matriculation or of entry to the University.

THIRD COLUMN     In this column are given, in Roman type, with the usual abbreviations, degrees and diplomas of Queen's conferred up to the time of going to press. No mention is made of degrees or diplomas of other institutions. The column also contains, in Italics, the Faculties or Courses followed by students or former students who had not yet graduated at Queen's. For these the following abbreviations are used :- Sc. = Science (which includes Civil Engineering) ; Med. = Medicine (which includes Dentistry) ; Com. - Commerce ; Ap. Sc.= Applied Science and Technology ; Agr. = Agriculture ; Soc. Stud. = Social Studies ; R.A.F.P.E. = Royal Air Force Pre-Entry Course ; W.O.P.E. = War Office Pre-Entry Course.

FOURTH COLUMN     Units and Services are here indicated by abbreviations whose explanation will be found on page 8. The Fleet Air Arm is included with the Royal Navy or the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. In a few cases, chiefly those of members of the War Office Pre-Entry Courses, though it was known that a member of the University had served in the Forces, it proved impracticable to discover his Unit and Rank. In such cases there is a blank opposite the name in this and the following column.

FIFTH COLUMN     The honorary or highest temporary rank or rating is here indicated by abbreviations whose explanations will be found on page 9. "(M)" after rank means "medical" ; "(D)" means "dental".

SIXTH COLUMN     Decorations and honours won since 3rd September, 1939, are found in this column. The full titles and order of precedence of British Orders and Decorations will be found in the list on page 8. "(Deceased)" indicates that the member died after leaving the Forces or after 1947.